I skimmed a few articles and this one from TPG seems to give a pretty good breakdown: https://thepointsguy.com/guide/everything-you-need-to-know-carbon-offsetting-flights/ It seems like many of the programs are at least semi-legit. Maybe the bad ones could be compared to a bad charity, in the sense that your money isnāt being used as effectively as you would hope, and there are inevitably middle men getting a piece of the pie. At the same time, some of them seem like they are actually decent programs with tangible outcomes. A recent flight I booked had carbon offsets for $10/person. I would assume that out of that $10, around $5-8 of it goes towards planting mangrove trees in Central America or something like that. Surely part of it pays someoneās salary at the airline, and maybe the mangrove tree company is a for-profit organization, but at the end of the day, some money is going towards a forestry project that wouldnāt happen otherwise. It seems like that something is better than nothing. Now perhaps a more discerning person would research 3rd party carbon offset organizations and find one with a good reputation and specific measurable outcomes, which could be a more efficient use of the money. But weāre talking about $10 here. Although maybe if I average $10 x 2 people x 20 flights/year, then thatās $400 annually. So maybe instead of small incremental contributions, it would be worthwhile to just find a program I like and make yearly contributions. Iām about to go down a rabbit hole I guess.